– Giới từ chỉ thời gian: at, on, by, before, in, for, during…
Ví dụ:
The train starts at 6.10, so you had better be at the station by 6.00.
We arrived on the morning of the sixth.
By the end of July, I’ll have read all those books.
Before signing this contract, he had to consider a lot.
Most people work from 9 to 5.
Bake it for two hours.
– Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn: in, on, at, above, under, below…
Ví dụ:
They arrived in Spain.
You can do this sort of work at home.
She put the letter under her pillow.
We camped beside a lake.
– Giới từ chỉ nguyên nhân: for, from, by, on, of…
The streets are lighted by mistakes.
Thank you very much for your help.
He trembled from fear.
He died of tuberculosis many years ago.
– Giới từ chỉ mục đích: for, to, at…
What do you want the paper for?
I’ve sent a letter to you.
– Giới từ chỉ thể cách: by, with, …
We can learn English by listening to the radio.
She cut the bread with a sharp knife.
– Giới từ chỉ phương tiện: by, in…
He goes to school by bus.
She goes to work in her own car.
– Giới từ chỉ sự tương quan: by, next to, on, under, below…
They live below us.
Tom is in front of Mary.
My house is next to a cinema.
B. Nghĩa của một số giới từ thông dụng
About
1. về: This is a story about elephants.
2. khoảng: He is about ten years old.
Above
1. trên, cao hơn: The plane flew above the clouds.
2. phía trên: There is a heading above each diagram.
Across
1. từ bên này sang bên kia (qua): We walked across the field.
2. phía bên kia: There is a store across the street.
After
1. sau, sau khi: after ten o'clock; after lunch
2. đứng sau: Q comes after P in the alphabet.
3. theo sau: The dog ran after the cat.
Against
1. chống lại, làm trái: Theft is against the law.
2. giáp, tiếp xúc, dựa vào: I leaned my bicycle against the wall.
Along
1. dọc theo: We walked along the road.
Among
1. giữa, trong số (một nhóm người): The money was shared among three people.
Around
1. vòng quanh: We walked around the block.
2. vây quanh, bao quanh: There is a fence around the garden.
3. khắp: I looked around the house for the keys.
4. quay sang một hướng khác: We turned around and went back home.
5. khoảng: He is around six feet tall.
At
1. một địa điểm cụ thể: at 23 Chestnut Street; at the park
2. một điểm thời gian: at 5 o'clock; at Christmas
3. một hoàn cảnh: at peace; at war; at rest
4. một hoạt động: at work; at school; at play
5. hướng tới, hướng vào: Look at someone; wave at someone
Before
1. trước khi, trước: before two o'clock; before Christmas
2. đứng trước: S comes before T in the alphabet.
Behind
1. đằng sau, phía sau: The little girl hid behind her mother.
2. muộn: I am behind in my work.
3. nguyên nhân, nguồn gốc: Who was behind that idea?
Below
1. bên dưới, thấp hơn: below freezing; below sea level
2. phía dưới: Footnotes are provided below the text.
Beside
1. bên cạnh: I sit beside her in class.
Besides
1. ngoài: We study other languages besides English.
Between
1. Giữa hai điểm trong không gian: Toronto lies between Montreal and Vancouver.
2. Giữa hai điểm thời gian: between Christmas and New Year's Day
3. trong một nhóm hai người: The money was shared between two people.
Beyond
1. trên: The mountains lie beyond the horizon.
2. vượt quá: That was beyond my expectations.
But
1. trừ: I have read all but the last chapter.
Note: But thường được sử dụng như một liên từ hơn như một giới từ.
By
1. gần: a house by the sea
2. vượt qua: He waved as he drove by the house.
3. trước: Try to finish the work by next week.
4. theo một đơn vị nào đó: cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight
5. bằng, bởi: travel by plane; written by him
Concerning
1. về, liên quan đến: He studies everything concerning trees.
Despite
1. mặc dù: We walked downtown despite the rain.
Down
1. xuống phía dưới: The ball rolled down the hill.
2. cuối: He lives down the street.
During
1. suốt một khoảng thời gian: She works during the day.
2. một thời điểm nào đó trong một khoảng thời gian: An accident occurred during the night.
Except
1. ngoại trừ: I have visited everyone except him.
For
1. trong khoảng thời gian: We walked for two hours.
2. khoảng cách: I walked for five kilometers.
3. mục đích: I bought this jacket for you.
4. tới đâu đó: She left for New York.
5. tán thành, ủng hộ: We are for the proposal.
6. so với: The boy is clever for his age.
From
1. từ một nơi nào đó: We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico
2. bắt đầu từ một thời gian nào đó: from now on; from yesterday until today
3. từ một lượng nào đó: From 20 to 30 people were present.
4. nguyên nhân: He suffers from nervousness.
5. nguồn (từ ai đó): I first heard the story from you.
In
1. ở một nơi nào đó: in London; in Europe
2. trong một địa điểm: in the room; in the building
3. vào tháng, năm: That happened in March, in 1992.
4. trong một khoảng thời gian nhất định: I will return in an hour.
5. bằng: write in pencil; speak in English
6. tình trạng, điều kiện: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret
7. thành viên của…: He is in the orchestra; in the navy
8. mặc: the boy in the blue shirt
9. về, có liên quan đến: lacking in ideas; rich in oil
Inside
1. bên trong: They are inside the house.
Into
1. vào bên trong We stepped into the room.
2. thay đổi tình trạng: The boy changed into a man.
Like
1. giống: That looks like him.
2. như thể: It looks like rain.
Near
1. gần: near the school; near the ocean
Of
1. vị trí: east of here; the middle of the road
2. sở hữu: a friend of mine; the sound of music
3. một phần của một nhóm: one of us; a member of the team
4. đo lường: a cup of milk; two meters of snow
Off
1. Not on; away from: Please keep off the grass.
2. At some distance from: There are islands off the coast.
On
1. trên (chạm vào nhau): on the table; on the wall
2. ngày xác định: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June.
3. con đường xác định: on South Street
4. về: a book on engineering
5. một trạng thái hoặc tình trạng: on strike; on fire; on holiday
6. nhờ, bằng: live on a pension; shown on television
Opposite
1. đối diện: The library is opposite the fire station.
Out of
1. ra khỏi: She went out of the room.
2. trong số: We won two games out of three.
4. chất liệu: The bridge is made out of steel.
5. ra khỏi: out of control; out of danger
Outside
1. bên ngoài: outside the house
2. ngoài giới hạn, khả năng: outside my experience
Over
1. cao hơn, trên: There are cupboards over the sink.
2. bao phủ: We spread an extra blanket over the bed.
3. qua: I jumped over a puddle.
4. nhiều hơn: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour
5. trong khoảng: I saw him several times over the past week.
6. bằng: We made plans over the telephone.
Past
1. vượt qua: I walked past the house.
2. sau (thời gian): It was past 2 o'clock; half past two
With
1. cùng với: He came with her; I have my keys with me.
2. có, chứa: Here is a book with a map of the island.
3. bằng, sử dụng: I repaired the shoes with glue.
4. cách thức: with pleasure; with ease; with difficulty
5. bởi vì: We were paralyzed with fear.
Within
1. trong vòng: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer
Without
1. không có: Do not leave without your coat; without money
Ví dụ:
The train starts at 6.10, so you had better be at the station by 6.00.
We arrived on the morning of the sixth.
By the end of July, I’ll have read all those books.
Before signing this contract, he had to consider a lot.
Most people work from 9 to 5.
Bake it for two hours.
– Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn: in, on, at, above, under, below…
Ví dụ:
They arrived in Spain.
You can do this sort of work at home.
She put the letter under her pillow.
We camped beside a lake.
– Giới từ chỉ nguyên nhân: for, from, by, on, of…
The streets are lighted by mistakes.
Thank you very much for your help.
He trembled from fear.
He died of tuberculosis many years ago.
– Giới từ chỉ mục đích: for, to, at…
What do you want the paper for?
I’ve sent a letter to you.
– Giới từ chỉ thể cách: by, with, …
We can learn English by listening to the radio.
She cut the bread with a sharp knife.
– Giới từ chỉ phương tiện: by, in…
He goes to school by bus.
She goes to work in her own car.
– Giới từ chỉ sự tương quan: by, next to, on, under, below…
They live below us.
Tom is in front of Mary.
My house is next to a cinema.
B. Nghĩa của một số giới từ thông dụng
About
1. về: This is a story about elephants.
2. khoảng: He is about ten years old.
Above
1. trên, cao hơn: The plane flew above the clouds.
2. phía trên: There is a heading above each diagram.
Across
1. từ bên này sang bên kia (qua): We walked across the field.
2. phía bên kia: There is a store across the street.
After
1. sau, sau khi: after ten o'clock; after lunch
2. đứng sau: Q comes after P in the alphabet.
3. theo sau: The dog ran after the cat.
Against
1. chống lại, làm trái: Theft is against the law.
2. giáp, tiếp xúc, dựa vào: I leaned my bicycle against the wall.
Along
1. dọc theo: We walked along the road.
Among
1. giữa, trong số (một nhóm người): The money was shared among three people.
Around
1. vòng quanh: We walked around the block.
2. vây quanh, bao quanh: There is a fence around the garden.
3. khắp: I looked around the house for the keys.
4. quay sang một hướng khác: We turned around and went back home.
5. khoảng: He is around six feet tall.
At
1. một địa điểm cụ thể: at 23 Chestnut Street; at the park
2. một điểm thời gian: at 5 o'clock; at Christmas
3. một hoàn cảnh: at peace; at war; at rest
4. một hoạt động: at work; at school; at play
5. hướng tới, hướng vào: Look at someone; wave at someone
Before
1. trước khi, trước: before two o'clock; before Christmas
2. đứng trước: S comes before T in the alphabet.
Behind
1. đằng sau, phía sau: The little girl hid behind her mother.
2. muộn: I am behind in my work.
3. nguyên nhân, nguồn gốc: Who was behind that idea?
Below
1. bên dưới, thấp hơn: below freezing; below sea level
2. phía dưới: Footnotes are provided below the text.
Beside
1. bên cạnh: I sit beside her in class.
Besides
1. ngoài: We study other languages besides English.
Between
1. Giữa hai điểm trong không gian: Toronto lies between Montreal and Vancouver.
2. Giữa hai điểm thời gian: between Christmas and New Year's Day
3. trong một nhóm hai người: The money was shared between two people.
Beyond
1. trên: The mountains lie beyond the horizon.
2. vượt quá: That was beyond my expectations.
But
1. trừ: I have read all but the last chapter.
Note: But thường được sử dụng như một liên từ hơn như một giới từ.
By
1. gần: a house by the sea
2. vượt qua: He waved as he drove by the house.
3. trước: Try to finish the work by next week.
4. theo một đơn vị nào đó: cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight
5. bằng, bởi: travel by plane; written by him
Concerning
1. về, liên quan đến: He studies everything concerning trees.
Despite
1. mặc dù: We walked downtown despite the rain.
Down
1. xuống phía dưới: The ball rolled down the hill.
2. cuối: He lives down the street.
During
1. suốt một khoảng thời gian: She works during the day.
2. một thời điểm nào đó trong một khoảng thời gian: An accident occurred during the night.
Except
1. ngoại trừ: I have visited everyone except him.
For
1. trong khoảng thời gian: We walked for two hours.
2. khoảng cách: I walked for five kilometers.
3. mục đích: I bought this jacket for you.
4. tới đâu đó: She left for New York.
5. tán thành, ủng hộ: We are for the proposal.
6. so với: The boy is clever for his age.
From
1. từ một nơi nào đó: We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico
2. bắt đầu từ một thời gian nào đó: from now on; from yesterday until today
3. từ một lượng nào đó: From 20 to 30 people were present.
4. nguyên nhân: He suffers from nervousness.
5. nguồn (từ ai đó): I first heard the story from you.
In
1. ở một nơi nào đó: in London; in Europe
2. trong một địa điểm: in the room; in the building
3. vào tháng, năm: That happened in March, in 1992.
4. trong một khoảng thời gian nhất định: I will return in an hour.
5. bằng: write in pencil; speak in English
6. tình trạng, điều kiện: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret
7. thành viên của…: He is in the orchestra; in the navy
8. mặc: the boy in the blue shirt
9. về, có liên quan đến: lacking in ideas; rich in oil
Inside
1. bên trong: They are inside the house.
Into
1. vào bên trong We stepped into the room.
2. thay đổi tình trạng: The boy changed into a man.
Like
1. giống: That looks like him.
2. như thể: It looks like rain.
Near
1. gần: near the school; near the ocean
Of
1. vị trí: east of here; the middle of the road
2. sở hữu: a friend of mine; the sound of music
3. một phần của một nhóm: one of us; a member of the team
4. đo lường: a cup of milk; two meters of snow
Off
1. Not on; away from: Please keep off the grass.
2. At some distance from: There are islands off the coast.
On
1. trên (chạm vào nhau): on the table; on the wall
2. ngày xác định: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June.
3. con đường xác định: on South Street
4. về: a book on engineering
5. một trạng thái hoặc tình trạng: on strike; on fire; on holiday
6. nhờ, bằng: live on a pension; shown on television
Opposite
1. đối diện: The library is opposite the fire station.
Out of
1. ra khỏi: She went out of the room.
2. trong số: We won two games out of three.
4. chất liệu: The bridge is made out of steel.
5. ra khỏi: out of control; out of danger
Outside
1. bên ngoài: outside the house
2. ngoài giới hạn, khả năng: outside my experience
Over
1. cao hơn, trên: There are cupboards over the sink.
2. bao phủ: We spread an extra blanket over the bed.
3. qua: I jumped over a puddle.
4. nhiều hơn: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour
5. trong khoảng: I saw him several times over the past week.
6. bằng: We made plans over the telephone.
Past
1. vượt qua: I walked past the house.
2. sau (thời gian): It was past 2 o'clock; half past two
With
1. cùng với: He came with her; I have my keys with me.
2. có, chứa: Here is a book with a map of the island.
3. bằng, sử dụng: I repaired the shoes with glue.
4. cách thức: with pleasure; with ease; with difficulty
5. bởi vì: We were paralyzed with fear.
Within
1. trong vòng: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer
Without
1. không có: Do not leave without your coat; without money
